learning

Beyond model-free Pavlovian responding: a two-stage Pavlovian-instrumental transfer paradigm

Pavlovian responding is a core component of behavior and can be measured via Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT), where Pavlovian responses bias instrumental actions. Standard single-lever PIT paradigms, which assess responses using a single-choice …

Exploring cognitive and social differences in children with and without imaginary companions

During pretend play, children create imaginary scenarios and take on various roles, from princesses to pirates conquering the Seven Seas. Some children, particularly those with imaginary companions (IC), become deeply immersed in these imagined …

Unifying principles of generalization: past, present, and future

Generalization, defined as applying limited experiences to novel situations, represents a cornerstone of human intelligence. Our review traces the evolution and continuity of psychological theories of generalization, from origins in concept learning …